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Canada Alamosa (Cañada Alamosa translated as ''Canyon of the Cottonwoods''), is a term historically applied to four geographical features, all in the same immediate area in southwest Socorro and northwest Sierra Counties, New Mexico. In historical texts the name, Canada Alamosa is applied inter-changeably to the four features, and it is often only the context that distinguishes one feature from the other.〔 Multiple usages for the name "Canada Alamosa" has been common since the coming of the Anglos, see the reference in the Congressional Record to the town and the river, both referenced by the name "Canada Alamosa"〕 Canada Alamosa can refer to 1) a box canyon midway along the course of Alamosa Creek, which box canyon is also known today as Monticello Canyon, or Monticello Box Canyon, or simply Monticello Box; 2) the course of Alamosa Creek, which has the box canyon midway along its length, also known as Alamosa Creek, Alamosa River, and Rio Alamosa;〔 3) the area around the box canyon which the Warm Springs band of Apaches regard as their home-base, and which contains the site of a warm springs ''Ojo Caliente'', which flows into Alamosa Creek at the upper end of the box canyon; and 4) the historic name of a small Hispanic community which was settled in about 1857 a few miles south of the box canyon on Alamosa Creek, but which changed its name in 1881 to the present name of Monticello, New Mexico. Canada Alamosa is the historic name of an area which Apache bands regarded as their ancestral home base in the mid 1800s. Prominent among these bands were the Warm Springs band (Chihenne, or Red Paint People).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.canadaalamosaproject.org/warm-springs-appache )〕 The area centered on the Canada Alamosa, a high walled box canyon of about 12 miles length, midway along the course of Alamosa Creek. Because of the canyon the stream was also referred to as the Canada Alimosa. The Warm Springs band considered the heart of their homeland to be a warm springs, Ojo Caliente,located just at the western entrance to the canyon.〔 The federal government intermittently maintained a series of Apache Indian Agencies based on Ojo Caliente and the Canada Alamosa area from 1852 to 1877.〔 In 1857, a community of Hispanic settlers on Alamosa Creek also became known as Canada Alamosa about 16 miles south of Ojo Caliente, and about 4 miles south of the downstream end of the canyon. After the town was established leaders of the Chihenne, or Warm Springs band of Apaches made a treaty with the inhabitants of the town, which was allegedly never broken because it provided economic benefit to both the inhabitants of the town and the Chihenne Apaches. Under this treaty a dubious and shadowy trade was carried on, in which the Apaches brought stolen livestock (horses, mules and cattle) along with plundered goods back to Canada Alamosa, although Apache historians would dispute this. These were the spoils taken during wars with settlers and travelers in New Mexico, Arizona and Old Mexico, which were traded for whisky, ammunition and sundry necessities.〔 In 1874 an agency was constructed at Ojo Caliente for the Warm Springs Apaches. In a sudden reversal of policy, this agency was then abolished after 1877 and the Warm Springs band was moved to the San Carlos Reservation. Some of the Warm Springs band refused to accept this transfer, and under war leaders Victorio and Nana entered into a period of continued guerrilla warfare with U.S. and Mexican forces, at the end of which they either became casualties in scattered conflicts, or were forced to surrender and went into captivity or onto reservations far from the Canada Alamosa area. In 1881, after its days as an illicit trading center were past, the town of Canada Alamosa changed its name to Monticello, and since then the canyon of the Alamosa has occasionally been referred to as Monticello Canyon, or Monticello Box Canyon. Today the Canada Alamosa area remains an isolated and sparsely populated area in southwest Socorro County and northwest Sierra County, New Mexico. Monticello, although still inhabited, is reduced in population and is listed as a ghost town.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/nm-placita.html )〕 The adobe ruins of the old Ojo Caliente agency have melted into the ground. The Ojo Caliente hot springs, at the upstream entrance to the Canada Alamosa on Alamosa Creek in southwest Socorro County, New Mexico (33.570084°-107.595117°) generates a major part of the flow of the Canada Alamosa, which runs through the canyon and is then gathered into a ditch system, and is expended on small local fields along Alamosa Creek, above and below Monticello. Note 1 The Ojo Caliente hot springs, an uninhabited area at the upstream entrance to the Canada Alamosa on Alamosa Creek in southwest Socorro County, New Mexico (33.570084°-107.595117°) should not be confused with Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, a small unincorporated community in Taos County, New Mexico (36.304545° -106.051235°) on the Ojo Caliente Rio, about 200 miles away to the north and east. Note 2 The Alamosa Creek referred to in this article, which extends from the southwest quadrant of Socorro County to the northwest quadrant of Sierra County should not be confused with the Alamosa Creek, which is in northern Socorro County. ==Cañada Alamosa, The Creek And The Canyon Midway Along Its Course== Cañada Alamosa is the historical name of the topographical feature of a canyon on Alamosa Creek (more recently referred to as Monticello Canyon, or Monticello Box Canyon). Although Alamosa Creek flows generally north to southeast, the canyon portion is located about midway along its length, and is oriented in an east-west direction and separates the San Mateo Mountains on the north from the Sierra Cuchillo on the south.〔〔For geographical references and mileages refer to Google Earth.〕 The term Canada Alamosa is also generally applied to Alamosa Creek as well. Alamosa Creek enters the western entrance to the canyon in a desert area about 30 miles downstream from its source in the San Mateo Mountains, and about 37 miles upstream from the mouth of the river where it empties into the Rio Grande near the upper end of Elephant Butte Reservoir. The canyon extends for about 12 miles downstream. The canyon separates the Alamosa River into a northern upstream segment, and a southern downstream segment.〔 Alamosa Creek above the canyon is a seasonal drainage, with a dry creek bed for the bulk of the year. As the bed of Alamosa Creek approaches the canyon, it receives a flow of water from a series of springs. About 550 meters upstream (west) and then another 150 up-slope (north) from the creek bed is Willow Springs.〔 Opposite Willow Springs and along the south bank of the creek are a series of small springs. About 300 meters north and upslope from the mouth of the Canada Alamosa is Ojo Caliente, a warm springs〔 which releases a significant flow of warm water down a small coulee to the Alamosa creek bed. Apache Warm Spring is located about 1000 meters south of the entrance to the box canyon.〔 This spring no longer produces a surface flow. It is located in Red Paint Canyon〔 where there are exposures of red earth which the Warms Springs Apaches used as a face paint, and which gave them the name of Chinenne, or the Red Paint People. Apache Warm Springs is the site of a beryllium deposit, and a controversy occurred from 2009 to 2012 when BE Resources, Inc. sought and received a permit to conduct core drilling at the site. The concern was from Apache groups over the anticipated damage to the Ojo Caliente spring, a sacred site, and from local residents concerned to the potential disruption of the flow other springs in the area that provided irrigation water along Alamosa Creek. However, after drilling in 2011 the corrected data indicated that the deposits of beryllium and other rare earth minerals were not present in payable quantities, and BE Resources, Inc. decided to cease exploration work at the site, and focus elsewhere on other mining options, leaving the Red Pain Canyon area relatively unchanged. These springs which flow near the entrance to the canyon generate a year round flow of water. The total volume of the total discharge is about 2000 gallons of water a minute at a temperature of about 85 degrees Fahrenheit. The discharge of water continues down the canyon being replenished by other streamside springs After about 12 miles the entire creek flow is gathered into a ditch which is used to irrigate small farming plots along the river for about 6 miles to present day Monticello. As the water is used for irrigation, its flow diminishes, and shortly after Monticello, the flow becomes non-existent. From this point Alamosa Creek returns to a dry seasonal creek bed as it extends to the junction of Alamosa Creek and the Rio Grande, at the upper end of Elephant Butte Reservoir. A New Mexico State Road goes up to Monticello, and county roads continue up to the canyon. A Forest Road extends from the through the canyon area. In the canyon proper this road often runs right up the flowing river bed. This road can be traversed by vehicles, though it is recommended by signage along the road that the vehicles be high clearance, and have 4 wheel drive. At the upper end of the canyon the Forest Road intersects with a State Road 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canada Alamosa, New Mexico」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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